Ka ho tseba jeokrafi ea lefats'e la bona, Ma-Mayane a thehile sistimi e tsoetseng pele ea ho sesa e kenyeletsang likepe tse nang le liqha tse phahamisitsoeng le bokamorao, hammoho le khoutu ea matšoao a tlhaho le tse ling tse entsoeng ke tsona tse ba lumellang ho tsamaea libaka tse telele ka polokeho le ka nepo.
Navigation ke bonono-mahlale bo bolelang tsebo ea maqhubu a metsi, meea, linaleli le maemo a renang tikolohong eo. Kamora ho tsamaea ka Noka ea Usumacinta le ho ea leoatleng letsoapong lena, re iponela ka mahlo melemo le liphephetso tsa bonono bona bo boholo bo neng bo sebelisoa ke Ma-May ho tloha mehleng ea khale. Batsamaisi ba likepe ba khale ba Mayane ba ile ba theha litsela tse fanang ka bophelo marangrang a rarahaneng a puisano le phapanyetsano, a neng a kenyelletsa litselana tsa lefatše, linoka le tsa leoatle. Karolo ea noka eo re e tsamaileng ke mohlala feela oa liteko o re lumelletseng ho amohela liphephetso tsa ona le liphallelo tsa ona.
Linakong tsa Mayan
Sahagún le Bernal Díaz del Castillo ba bolela mesebetsing ea bona hore liketsoana li ka rekoa kapa tsa hiroa, ka hona mohopolo oa rona o ka tiisoa. Sekepe se ne se lekana le quachtli (kobo) kapa linaoa tse lekholo tsa cocoa, mme mabapi le rente, ho boleloa hore Jerónimo de Aguilar o ile a lefa mekoloto e metala ho basesisi ba neng ba mo nkile ho ea kopana le Hernan Cortes ka Sehlekehleke sa Cozumel.
Ha e le libaka tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale, Pomoná le Reforma li sebakeng se tlase sa Usumacinta; Ha ho hlake hore na ba ne ba laola karolo efe kapa efe ea noka, empa rea tseba, ka lebaka la phetolelo ea mengolo, hore ba ne ba qoetse likhohlanong tsa mekhatlo ea lipolotiki e neng e qothisana lehlokoa ho fumana libaka le lihlahisoa tseo, qetellong, li kentseng letsoho ho fihlela botsitso le nts'etsopele ea eona.
Tseleng e tlohang Boca del Cerro ho ea fihla moo noka e fereko teng Noka ea Palizada, ho na le libaka tse ngata tse nyane tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale tseo e neng e le karolo ea sechaba se hokahaneng le litoropo tsa libaka tse fihletseng tlhoro ea tsona lipakeng tsa 600-800 AD.
Tsela e eang Koung
Lenaneong la Kamano ea lintho tsa Yucatan, ke mobishopo oa Spain Diego de Landa (1524-1579), ho boleloa hore ho tloha toropong ea Xonutla (Jonuta) e ne e le moetlo ho tsamaea ka seketsoana ho ea profinseng ea Yucatán, ho tsamaea ka linoka tsa San Pedro le San Pablo ebe ho tloha moo ho leba Laguna de Lipehelo, tse fetang likoung tse fapaneng koung e le 'ngoe ho ea toropong ea Tixchel, ho tloha moo liketsoana li khutlisitsoeng Xonutla. Sena ha se netefatse feela boteng ba tsela ea metsi a leoatle nakong ea pele ho Sepanishe, empa hape le hore e ne e etsoa ka mahlakore ka bobeli, holimo le ho khahlano le hona joale.
Ka Usumacinta Koung ea Mexico e ka fihlelleha ka litsela tse fapaneng, ka molomo oa Noka ea Grijalva, ka linoka tsa San Pedro le San Pablo, kapa ka noka ea Palizada e lebisang Laguna de Terminos. Bahoebi ba ileng ba latela tsela e tlohang Petén ho ea Koung ea Mexico haufi le Noka ea Candelaria le bona ba ile ba khona ho fihla moo.
"Bafenicia ba Amerika"
Le ha e ne e tsamaisoa ka sekepe le ho rekisoa ho tloha ka 1,000 BC, ka linoka le matangoana a mabalane a Tabasco le Campeche, ha ho fihlela kamora 900 AD, ha khoebo ka leoatle e fumana bohlokoa bo boholo, ha e potoloha Hloahloa ea Yucatan , e neng e laoloa ke lihlopha tse ikopantseng tsa Chontal, tse tsejoang ka hore ke Putunes kapa Itzáes.
Sebaka sa Chontal se tloha Nokeng ea Cupilco, haufi le Comalcalco, ho leba lebopong la noka ea Grijalva, San Pedro le San Pablo, noka ea Candelaria, Laguna de Terminos, mohlomong le ho ea fihla Potonchán, toropo e Campeche lebopong. Ka hare ho naha, ho theosa le Usumacinta e tlase, e ile ea fihla Tenosique le matsoapong a lithaba. Ho latela moepolli oa lintho tsa khale oa Amerika Edward Thompson (1857-1935), Itza e ile ea busa likhohlo tsa linoka tsa Chixoy le Cancuén, ntle le ho ba le libaka tsa khoebo koung ea Naco haufi le noka ea Chalmalecón, Honduras le boema-kepe ba Nito , ho Golfo Dulce.
Litšobotsi tsa sebaka sa libaka tse hahelletsoeng ke Chontales, li ratile taba ea hore e bile basesisi ba nang le boiphihlelo mme ba nka monyetla ka litsamaiso tsa linoka tse lumellang puisano le libaka tse ka nqane ho meeli ea bona; hamorao ba hapa libaka le ho hlahisa libaka le ho lefisa lekhetho, ka hona ba khona ho laola tsela ea khoebo e telele. Ba thehile marangrang a pharaletseng a likou tse fumanehang libakeng tsa maano tseleng mme hape ba theha sistimi e felletseng ea ho tsamaisa likepe, sena se ne se bolela tsoelo-pele e 'maloa e joalo ka: tlhahiso ea likepe tse loketseng ho feta; lipontšo litseleng ho fumana tsela e nepahetseng (ho tloha matšoao a lifate a boletsoeng ke Fray Diego de Landa, ho ea mehahong ea majoe); ho theoa le ts'ebeliso ea lits'oants'o, esita le ka seile (joalo ka e fuoeng Hernán Cortés); ekasitana le ts'ebeliso ea khoutu ea matšoao a hlahisoang ke motsamao oa lifolakha kapa mollo joalo ka sesupo.
Ho pholletsa le nts'etsopele ea setso sena, litsela tsa khoebo tse mabapi le metsi li ile tsa fetoloa, hammoho le lithahasello le batšoantšisi ba li laolang; e leng tse hole haholo, tse etsoang nakong ea Classic ke tse kholo Sisteme ea Grijalva-Usumacinta fluvial le bakeng sa Postclassic, tse moeling oa hloahloa, tse qalileng libakeng tsa lebopong la Gulf ebe li fihla Honduras.
Sebakeng seo re tsamaileng ho sona, re fumane likou tse 'maloa:
• Potonchán e nokeng ea Grijalva, e neng e lumella puisano le likou tse fumanehang leboea le boroa.
• Le ha ho se na bopaki bo tšepahalang ba boteng ba e 'ngoe ea bohlokoahali, ho lumeloa hore Xicalango, hloahloeng ea lebitso lona leo, barekisi ba fihlile ba tsoa bohareng ba Mexico, Yucatan le Honduras ka litsela tse fapaneng.
• Ho ne ho boetse ho na le likou tsa bohlokoa tsa kamano ea Chontal: Tixchel koung ea leoatle ea Sabancuy, le Itzamkanac e lebopong la noka ea Candelaria, e lumellanang le sebaka sa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale sa El Tigre. Bahoebi ba tlohile ho bona kaofela ba ea likarolong tse fapaneng tsa Mesoamerica.
• Bakeng sa lebopo la Campeche, mehloli e bua ka Champotón e le toropo e nang le matlo a 8 000 a majoe mme letsatsi le letsatsi liketsoana tse ka bang 2000 li ne li ea ho tšoasa litlhapi tse khutlang ka shoalane, ke kahoo e tlamehang ebe e ne e le toropo ea kou, leha tlhoro ea eona e etsahetse ka letsatsi leo. kamorao ho likou tse boletsoeng.
Laola ho tloha holimo
Bao bophahamo ba naha e entsoeng ke motho, ntle le likarolo tsa meralo, tse fihlelang libaka tse phahameng haholo 'me li lutse mabopong a noka, maemong a maano. Har'a tse bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke tsa litoropo tsa Zapata le Jonuta, kaha boholo ba noka bo laoloa ke eona.
Letsopa, thepa ea bohlokoa
Lebatooa la Jonuta le ne le le halofong ea bobeli ea nako ea Classic le ea pele ea Postclassic (600-1200 AD), moetsi oa lipitsa tsa letsopa tse ntle, tse rekisoang ka bongata, haufi le Usumacinta le Campeche Coast. Letsopa la bona le fumanoe libakeng tse kang Uaymil le sehlekehleke sa Jaina se Campeche, libaka tsa bohlokoa tseleng ea khoebo ea maoatle e hole eo Ma Mayan a e entseng mme re ts'epa ho etela leetong la rona le latelang.
