Ho se ho builoe ho hongata ka li-dinosaurs mehleng ea morao tjena mme rea tseba hore ba ne ba lula libakeng tse fapaneng tsa naha eo hajoale e leng naha ea rona, leha sena se ne se le hole haholo hoo ha li ne li timela, Sierra Madre Occidental e neng e le sieo. Ho nkile lilemo tse limilione bakeng sa mokoloko ona o moholo, le eona Sierra Tarahumara, ho nyoloha.
Lilemong tse ka bang limilione tse 40 tse fetileng, nakong ea thuto e phahameng, sebaka se ka leboea-bophirima ho seo hona joale e leng Mexico se ile sa hlokofatsoa ke ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang, ketsahalo e ileng ea tsoela pele ho feta lilemo tse fetang limilione tse 15. Liketekete tsa seretse se chesang li ile tsa foqoha hohle, tsa koahela sebaka se seholo ka ho qhalana ha seretse se chesang le molora oa seretse se chesang. Li-depositi tsena li thehile lihlaba tse kholo lithabeng, tse ling tsa tsona li fihlile bophahamong bo fetang limithara tse 3,000 ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle.
Volcanism, e lulang e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea li-tectonic, e hlahisitse liphoso tse kholo tsa jioloji tse bakileng ho robeha ha seretse mme tsa baka mapatso a tebileng. Tse ling tsa tsona li ile tsa fihla botebong ba limithara tse 2 000. Ka ho feta ha nako le ketso ea metsi, lipula le maqhubu a ka tlasa lefatše a thehile melapo le linoka tse kopaneng botebong ba likhohlo le likhohlo, li li tebisa ka ho nyenyefatsa le ho senya metjha ea tsona. Litholoana tsa lilemo tsena tse limillione tsa ho iphetola hoa lintho le tseo re ka li natefelang joale ke sistimi e ntle ea Barrancas del Cobre.
Melatsoana e meholo le linoka tsa eona
Linoka tse kholo tsa leralla li fumanoa ka har'a likhohlo tsa bohlokoahali. Sierra Tarahumara kaofela, ntle le Conchos, e kenella Koung ea California; maqhubu a eona a tloha liphuleng tse kholo tsa linaha tsa Sonora le Sinaloa. Noka ea Conchos e nka leeto le lelelele ho haola le lithaba, moo e tsoalloang teng, ebe e tšela lithota le mahoatata a Chihuahuan ho ikopanya le Rio Grande ebe e tsoa ho ea Koung ea Mexico.
Ho builoe haholo ka botebo ba likhohlo tsa lefats'e, empa ho latela American Richard Fisher, likhohlo tsa Urique (tse nang le 1,879 m), Sinforosa (le 1,830 m) le Batopilas (tse nang le 1,800 m) li lula libakeng tseo lefats'eng ka bophara. ea borobeli, ea borobong le ea leshome, ka ho latellana; ka holim'a Grand Canyon, United States (1,425 m).
Liphororo tse kholo
Har'a likarolo tse hlahelletseng tsa Copper Canyon ke liphororo tsa eona, tse khethiloeng e le tse kholohali lefatšeng. Tse Piedra Volada le Basaseachi lia hlahella. Ea pele ho tsona e na le phororo ea limithara tse 45, ke ea bone kapa ea bohlano lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me ehlile ke eona e phahameng ka ho fetisisa Mexico. Ho sibolloa ha phororo ena ke haufinyane mme ho bakoa ke ho fuputsa sehlopha sa Ciudad Cuauhtémoc Speleology.
Phororo ea Basaseachi, e tsebahalang ka lilemo tse 100, e na le bolelele ba 246 m., E e behang e le palo ea 22 lefatšeng, ea 11 Amerika le ea bohlano holimo Amerika Leboea. Mexico ke la bobeli. Ho tlatselletsa ho tsena tse peli, ho na le liphororo tse ling tse ngata tse boholo bo boholo le botle tse ajoang ho pholletsa le lithaba.
Boemo ba leholimo
Kaha e robehile haholo ebile e na le tšohanyetso, likhohlo li na le maemo a leholimo a fapaneng, li fapane ebile ka linako tse ling li fetelletse, sebakeng se le seng. Ka kakaretso, ho na le maemo a mabeli a teng Sierra Tarahumara: a lihlaba le lithaba tse likarolong tse kaholimo tsa lehlaka le tse ka tlase ho likhohlo.
Ho bophahamong bo fetang limithara tse 1,800 kaholimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle, maemo a leholimo a tloha sebakeng se futhumetseng ho isa ho se batang boholo ba selemo, ka lipula tse bobebe mariha 'me ka linako tse ling ho na le lehloa le lengata le fanang ka botle le bokhabane bo boholo ho libaka tsa naha. Joale mocheso o hatisoa ka tlase ho 0 degrees Celsius, eo ka linako tse ling e theohelang ho tlasa 23 degrees Celsius.
Lehlabula, lithaba li bontša botle ba tsona bo boholo, lipula li na khafetsa, sebaka se fetoha se setala 'me likhohlo li khaphatseha ka lipalesa tse mebala-bala. Mocheso o tloaelehileng ka nako eo ke likhato tse 20 tsa Celsius, o fapaneng haholo le naha eohle ea Chihuahua, e phahameng haholo nakong ena ea selemo. Sierra Tarahumara e fana ka e 'ngoe ea lehlabula le monate ka ho fetisisa naheng eohle.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boemo ba leholimo bo botlaaseng ba Copper Canyon ke tropike 'me mariha a eona ke a monate ka ho fetesisa, kaha e boloka thempereichara e tloaelehileng ea likhato tse 17 tsa Celsius. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sehleng sa lehlabula, boemo ba leholimo ba Barranco bo boima, karolelano e nyolohela ho likhato tse 35 tsa Celsius, mme lithemparetjha tsa ho fihla ho likhato tse 45 tsa Celsius li tlalehiloe sebakeng seo. Lipula tse ngata tsa lehlabula li etsa hore phallo ea liphororo, linoka le linoka li nyolohele bophahamong ba tsona bo phahameng.
Mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang
Ho phahama le ho phahama ha sebopeho sa lefatše, ka matsoapo a maholo hoo a ka fetang limithara tse 2 000 ka likilomitara tse 'maloa,' me phapang ea maemo a leholimo e hlahisa monono o ikhethang le mefuta-futa ea likokoana-hloko lithabeng. Limela le liphoofolo tse atileng ka bongata, ke hore, ha li fumanehe kae kapa kae lefatšeng.
Lithaba li koahetsoe ke meru e pharalletseng le e metle moo phaene e atileng haholo, leha lifate tsa eike, tsa popoliri, tsa junipere (sebakeng seo ho thoeng ke táscates), lifate tsa alders le tsa fragola le tsona lia ata. Ho na le mefuta e 15 ea lifate tsa phaene le tse 25 tsa lifate tsa eike. Meru e metle ea Guadalupe y Calvo, Madera le sebaka sa Basaseachi e re fa pono e sa tloaelehang ho elella qalong ea lehoetla, ha popoliri le lialders, pele li lahleheloa ke makhasi, li fumana molumo o mosehla, oa lamunu le o mofubelu o fapaneng le botala ba lifate tsa phaene, lifate tsa eike le junipere. Lehlabuleng thaba eohle e thunya ebile e tlala mebala, ke nakong eo limela tsa eona li fapaneng haholo. Lipalesa tse ngata, tse ngata ka nako ena, li sebelisoa ke Tarahumara meriana ea bona ea setso le lijo.
Ho na le tlhahlamano ea sechaba sa limela ho tloha bophahamong bo bohareng ba leralla ho isa botebong ba likhohlo moo lihlahla li atang teng. lifate tse sa tšoaneng le cacti: mauto (Lysiloma dívaricata), chilicote (Erythrína flaveliformis), ocotillo (Fourqueria splendens), pitaya (Lemaíreocereus thurberi), cardón (Pachycereus pectenife), tabachín (Caesalpinia pulcherungaves (Aveígaves), gatugaves aveígaves (Aveígavesaves) lechugilla), sotol (Dasylirio wheeleri), le mefuta e meng e mengata. Libakeng tse mongobo ho na le mefuta e kang ceiba (Ceiba sp), lifate tsa feiga (Ficus spp), guamuchil (Pithcollobium dulce), lehlaka (Otate bamboo), burseras (Bursera spp) le liana kapa liana, hara tse ling.
Liphoofolo tsa Copper Canyon li lula libakeng tse futhumetseng kapa tse chesang. Hoo e ka bang 30% ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa lefats'e tse ngolisitsoeng Mexico li se li le teng thabeng ena, li ikhetholla: bere e ntšo (Ursus americanus), puma (Felis concolor), otter (Lutra canadensis), likhama tse tšoeu. Odocoileus virginianus), phiri ea Mexico (Canis lupus baileyi) e nkoang e le kotsing ea ho timela, kolobe e hlaha (Tayassutajacu), katse e hlaha (Lynx rufus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), badger kapa cholugo (Taxidea taxus) le skunk e metsero (Mephitis macroura), ntle le mefuta e mengata ea bo-'mankhane, li-squirrel le li-hares.
Ho ngolisitsoe mefuta ea linonyana tse 290: tse 24 tsa tsona li teng ka bongata 'me tse 10 li kotsing ea ho timela, tse kang green macaw (Ara militaris), parrot ea thabeng (Rbynchopsitta pachyrbyncha) le coa (Euptilotis noxenus). Likarolong tse ikhethileng ka ho fetisisa, ho ntse ho ka bonoa ho fofa ha ntsu ea khauta (Aquila chsaetos) le phakoe ea peregrine (Falco peregrinus). Har'a linonyana ho na le li-woodpeckers, li-turkeys tse hlaha, likoekoe, buzzards le tutulu. Linonyana tse likete tse fallang li fihla mariha, haholo-holo likhantši le matata a balehang serame se matla sa leboea la United States le Canada. E boetse e na le mefuta e 87 ea lihahabi le tse 20 tsa liphoofolo tse phelang metsing, har'a tse 22 tse qalang li teng 'me tse 12 li na le semelo sena.
Ho na le mefuta e 50 ea litlhapi tsa metsing a hloekileng, tse ling li jeoa joalo ka rainbow trout (Salmo gardneri), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), mojarra (Lepomis macrochirus), sardine (Algansea lacustris), catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) , carp (Cyprinus carpio) le charal (Chirostoma bartoni).
Chihuahua al Pacifico Railroad
O mong oa mesebetsi e khahlang ka ho fetisisa ea boenjineri e etsoang Mexico ke kahare ho pono e ntle ea Copper Canyon: seporo sa Chihuahua al Pacífico, se thehiloe ka la 24 Pulungoana 1961 ho ts'ehetsa nts'etsopele ea Sierra Tarahumara, ho fana ka Chihuahua tsela e yang lewatleng ka Sinaloa.
Tsela ena e qala Ojinaga, e feta toropong ea Chihuahua, e tšele Sierra Tarahumara ebe e theohela lebopong la Sinaloa, e feta ka Los Mochis ho fihlela Topolobampo. Bolelele ba seporo sena ke 941 km mme e na le marokho a 410 a bolelele bo fapaneng, bolelele bo boholo ke ba Río Fuerte bo nang le halofo ea kilomitara le bo bolelele ho feta ba Río Chínipas ka 90 m. E na le likotopo tse 99 tse bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 21.2, tse telele ka ho fetisisa ke El Descanso, moeling o pakeng tsa Chihuahua le Sonora, e bolelele ba 1,81 km le K'honthinente ea Creel, e nang le 1,26 km nakong ea tsela e nyolohela ho limithara tse 2,450 kaholimo ho bophahamo leoatle.
Terene e tšela e 'ngoe ea libaka tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa sehlabeng, e haola le Barranca del Septentrión, botebo ba limithara tse 1,600, le lintlha tse ling koung ea Urique, e tebileng ka ho fetisisa Mexico eohle. Sebaka se pakeng tsa Creel, Chihuahua le Los Mochis, Sinaloa, ke se hlollang ka ho fetisisa. Kaho ea seporo sena e qaliloe ke naha ea Chihuahua ka 1898, ea fihla Creel ka 1907. Mosebetsi o ile oa phethoa ho fihlela 1961.
