Lekholong la rona la lilemo ho se ho hlokomelehile hore litso tsa Mesoamerica li ne li na le bohlale ba linaleli, khalendara le lipalo.
Ke ba fokolang ba seng ba hlahlobile karolo ena ea hoqetela, mme ho fihlela 1992, ha setsebi sa thuto ea lipalo sa Monterrey Oliverio Sánchez a qala lithuto tsa tsebo ea jiometri ea batho ba Mexica, ha ho letho le neng le tsejoa ka taeo ena. Hajoale, liemahale tse tharo tsa pele ho Masepanishe li se li hlahlobiloe ka sebopeho sa lefats'e mme liphetho li makatsa: ho li-monoliths tse tharo feela tse betliloeng, batho ba Mexica ba atlehile ho rarolla kaho ea li-polygon tse tloaelehileng ho fihlela mahlakore a 20 (ntle le nonacaidecagon), le tsona tsa palo e kholo ya mahlakore, ka kakanyo e makatsang. Ho feta moo, ka bohlale o ile a rarolla ho khutsufatsa le ho penta ha maqhubu a itseng ho etsa likaroloana tse ngata tsa selikalikoe mme a supa lits'oants'o ho rarolla tharollo ea le leng la mathata a rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa ho jiometri: squaring ea selikalikoe.
Ha re hopoleng hore Baegepeta, Bakalde, Bagerike le Baroma pele, le Maarabia hamorao, ba fihletse boemo bo phahameng ba setso mme ba nkuoa e le batsoali ba lipalo le jiometri. Liphephetso tse ikhethileng tsa jiometri li ile tsa sebetsoa ke litsebi tsa lipalo tsa litso tseo tsa khale tsa khale mme ho hlola ha bona ho ile ha fetisoa ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea molokong o mong, ho tloha toropong ho ea toropong le ho tloha lekholong la lilemo ho isa lekholong ho fihlela ba fihla ho rona. Lekholong la boraro la lilemo BC, Euclid e thehile mekhahlelo ea ho rala le ho rarolla mathata a jiometri joalo ka kaho ea lipolgoni tse tloaelehileng tse nang le mahlakore a fapaneng ka sesebelisoa sa 'musi le sesupa-tsela. Ho tloha ha Euclid, ho bile le mathata a mararo a sebelisitseng bohlale ba litsebi tse kholo tsa jiometri le lipalo: ho kopitsoa ha cube (ho aha bohale ba sekotwana seo bophahamo ba sona bo fetang habeli ba khubu e fanoeng) trisection ea angle (ho aha angle e lekanang le karolo ea boraro ea sekhutlo se fanoeng) le y squaring selikalikoe (ho aha sekwere se bokaholimo bo lekanang le ba selikalikoe se fanoeng). Kamora nako, lekholong la XIX la mehla ea rona le ka ho kenella ha "Khosana ea Mathematics", Carl Friederich Gauss, ho ne ho sa khonehe ho rarolla mathata ana a mararo ka sesebelisoa se le seng sa 'musi le sesupa-tsela.
Bokgoni ba kelello bo ka pele ho bokooa
Mehlala e ntse e le teng mabapi le boleng ba batho le ba kahisano ba batho ba pele ho Masepanishe e le moroalo oa maikutlo a nyahamisang a hlahisitsoeng ke bahloli, bo-ralitaba le bangoli ba litlaleho ba ba nkileng e le bahedene, basodoma, malimo le mahlabelo a batho. Ka lehlohonolo, moru o sa fihlelleheng le lithaba li sirellelitse litsi tsa litoropo tse tletseng li-stelae, lintja le li-friezes tse betliloeng, tseo nako le phetoho ea maemo a batho li re fihlisitseng tlhahlobo ea mahlale, bonono le mahlale. Ntle le moo, ho hlahile li-codex tse bolokiloeng timetsong le megaliths e betliloeng ka mokhoa o makatsang, li-encyclopedia tsa 'nete tsa majoe (tse ntseng li sa tsejoe boholo ba tsona), tseo mohlomong li neng li patiloe ke batho ba pele ho Sepanishe pele ba hloloa' me joale ba lefa leo re bileng lehlohonolo ho le fumana.
Lilemong tse 200 tse fetileng, mesaletsa e tšabehang ea litso tsa pele ho Sepanishe e hlahile, e sebelelitseng ho leka ho atamela boholo ba 'nete ba batho bana. Ka la 13 Phato, 1790, ha mosebetsi oa ho nchafatsa o ntse o etsoa ho ramotse oa Plaza oa Mexico, seemahale se seholo sa Coatlicue se fumanoe; Likhoeli tse 'ne hamorao, ka la 17 Tšitoe selemong seo, limithara tse' maloa ho tloha moo lejoe leo le neng le patiloe teng, Lejoe la Letsatsi le ile la hlaha.Ho selemo hamorao, ka la 17 Tšitoe, ho ile ha fumanoa megalith ea selikalikoe ea Lejoe la Tizoc. Kamora hore majoe ana a mararo a fumanoe, a ile a ithutoa hang-hang ke sage Antonio León y Gama. Liqeto tsa hae li ile tsa tšeloa bukeng ea hae Tlhaloso ea nalane le tatellano ea liketsahalo ea majoe a mabeli hore ketsahalong ea katoloso e ncha e ntseng e theoa Main Square ea Mexico, ba fumanoe ho eona ka 1790, ka tlatsetso e tlamang hamorao. Ho tloha ho eena le ka makholo a mabeli a lilemo, li-monoliths tse tharo li mamelletse mesebetsi e mengata ea ho toloka le ho theola, tse ling ka liqeto tse hlaha le tse ling tse nang le litšibollo tse makatsang ka setso sa Maaztec. Leha ho le joalo, ha hoa lekanngoa hanyane ho tloha ntlheng ea pono ea lipalo.
Ka 1928, Mong Alfonso Caso o ile a supa: […] ho na le mokhoa oo ho fihlela hajoale o e-so ka o fumana tlhokomelo e o lokelang ebile o so lekehe ka seoelo; Ke bolela boikemisetso ba mojule kapa tekanyo eo e hahiloeng ka eona motsotsoana ”. 'Me patlisisong ena o ile a inehela ho lekanya se bitsoang Khalendara ea Maaztec, Lejoe la Tizoc le Tempele ea Quetzalcóatl ea Xochicalco, a fumana likamano tse makatsang ho tsona. Mosebetsi oa hae o phatlalalitsoe ho Koranta ea Mexico ea Archaeology.
Lilemo tse mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano hamorao, ka 1953, Raúl Noriega o ile a etsa liphuputso tsa lipalo tsa Piedra del Sol le "liemahale tsa bolepi ba linaleli tsa Mexico ea khale", mme a fana ka khopolo-taba ka tsona: "seemahale se kopanya, le mekhoa ea boahloli, polelo ea lipalo (ho liketsahalo tsa lilemo tse likete tse likete) tsa motsamao oa Letsatsi, Venus, Khoeli le Lefatše, hape, mohlomong, ke tsa Jupitere le Saturn ”. Lejoeng la Tizoc, Raúl Noriega o ne a nahana hore e na le "lipolelo tsa liketsahalo tsa lipolanete le motsamao o lebisang ho Venus." Leha ho le joalo, likhopolo-taba tsa hae li ne li sa tsoele pele ho litsebi tse ling tsa mahlale a lipalo le bolepi ba linaleli.
PONO EA MEXICAN GEOMETRY
Ka 1992, setsebi sa lipalo Oliverio Sánchez o ile a qala ho sekaseka Lejoe la Letsatsi ho tloha ntlheng e e-s'o ka e e-ba teng pele: ea jiometri. Thutong ea hae, mong'a Sánchez o ile a hlakisa sebopeho sa lejoe la jiometri ka kakaretso, se entsoeng ka lipentagon tse amanang, tse etsang sehlopha se rarahaneng sa mabili a kopaneng a botenya bo fapaneng le likarolo tse fapaneng. O fumane hore ka kakaretso ho na le matšoao a ho aha li-polygon tse tloaelehileng. Tshekatshekong ya hae, setsebi sa dipalo se ile sa phetla ka hara Lejwe la Letsatsi mekgwatshebetso eo Mexica e neng e e sebedisa ho aha, ka mmusi le sesupa-tsela, di-polygone tse tlwaelehileng tsa mahlakore a mangata ao jiometri ya sejwale jwale e a hlalositseng e le a sa qhaleheng; heptagon le heptacaidecagon (mahlakore a supileng le a 17). Ntle le moo, o ile a fumana mokhoa o sebelisitsoeng ke Mexica ho rarolla e 'ngoe ea mathata ao ho thoeng a ke ke a rarolloa ho Euclidean geometry: ts'ebetso ea sekhutlo sa 120º, eo nonagon (polygon e tloaelehileng e nang le mahlakore a robong) e hahiloeng ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng , e bonolo ebile e ntle.
LIEKETSENG TS'ELISO
Ka 1988, tlasa mokatong oa hona joale oa lebala la moaho oa mehleng oa kereke e kholo, o bohōle ba limithara tse 'maloa ho tloha ho Meya ea Templo, ho ile ha fumanoa monolith e' ngoe e betliloeng haholo pele ho Sepanishe e tšoanang le sebopeho le moralo ho Piedra de Tizoc. E ile ea reoa Piedra de Moctezuma mme ea fetisetsoa Setsing sa pokello ea nalane ea Naha, moo e behiloeng sebakeng se hlaheletseng ka phapusing ea Mexica e nang le lebitso le lekhuts'oane: Cuauhxicalli.
Le ha lingoliloeng tse ikhethileng (li-bulletin le limakasine tsa anthropology) li se li phatlalalitse litlhaloso tsa pele tsa matšoao a Lejoe la Moctezuma, li li amana le "borapeli ba letsatsi", le batho bao bahlabani ba emeloang ke li-glyph tse sa tsejoeng. E tsamaea le bona, monolith ena, joalo ka liemahale tse ling tse 12 tse nang le meralo e tšoanang ea jiometri, e ntse e boloka lekunutu le sa tsejoeng le fetang ts'ebetso ea "moamoheli oa lipelo sehlabelong sa motho."
Ha ke leka ho lekanyetsa lipalo tsa seemahale sa pele ho Masepanishe, ke ile ka tobana le majoe a Moctezuma, Tizoc le Sun ho lekola boholo ba tsona ho latela sistimi e sebelisitsoeng ke setsebi sa lipalo Oliverio Sánchez. Ke netefalitse hore sebopeho le moralo o akaretsang oa monolith ka 'ngoe li fapane, ebile li na le moaho o tlatsanang oa jiometri. Lejoe la Letsatsi le hahiloe kamora mokhoa oa lipolgoni tse tloaelehileng tse nang le mahlakore a mangata joalo ka a mahlakore a mahlano, a supileng le a 17, 'me a nang le a mane, a tšeletseng, a robong le a mangata, empa ha a na tharollo bakeng sa a 11, 13 le Mahlakore a 15, a leng majoeng a mabeli a pele. Lejoeng la Moctezuma, mekhoa ea kaho ea jiometri ea undecagon (e leng tšobotsi ea eona mme e hatisoa liphaneleng tse leshome le motso o mong tse nang le lipalo tsa batho tse habeli tse betliloeng ka lehlakoreng la eona) mme tricadecagon e bonahala hantle. Karolo ea eona, Piedra de Tizoc e khetholloa ke pentacaidecagon, eo ka eona ho neng ho emeloa lipalo tse 15 tse habeli tsa pina ea eona. Ntle le moo, majoeng ka bobeli (a Moctezuma le a Tizoc) ho na le mekhoa ea kaho ea lipolgoni tse tloaelehileng tse nang le mahlakore a mangata (40, 48, 64, 128, 192, 240 le ho fihlela ho 480).
Phethahalo ea jiometri ea majoe a mararo a hlahlobiloeng e lumella ho theha lipalo tse rarahaneng tsa lipalo. Mohlala, Lejoe la Moctezuma le na le lits'oants'o tsa ho rarolla, ka mokhoa o bohlale le o bonolo, bothata bo sa rarolloeng ka bokhabane ba jiometri: squaring ea selikalikoe. Ha ho na pelaelo hore litsebi tsa lipalo tsa batho ba Maaztec li ile tsa nka tharollo bothateng bona ba khale ba Euclidean geometry. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho rarolloa moaho o tloaelehileng oa mahlakore a 13, li-geometri tsa pele ho Sepanishe li rarollotsoe ka bokhabane, 'me ka kakanyo e ntle ea 35 likete tse leshome tse likete, squaring ea selikalikoe.
Ntle ho pelaelo, li-monoliths tse tharo tsa pele ho Sepanishe tseo re buileng ka tsona, hammoho le liemahale tse ling tse 12 tsa boqapi bo tšoanang tse teng limusiamong, ke eniplopedia ea jiometri le lipalo tse phahameng. Lejoe le leng le le leng ha se moqoqo o ikhethileng; Boemo ba eona, li-module, lipalo le meralo ea eona li senola hore ke likhokahano tsa lithic tsa sesebelisoa se rarahaneng sa mahlale se lumellang batho ba Mesoamerican ho phela bophelo bo kopaneng le kutloano le tlhaho, e neng e boletsoe hanyane hanyane litlalehong le litlalehong tsa nalane. ba tlile ho rona.
Ho bonesa pono ena le ho utloisisa boemo ba kelello ba litso tsa pele ho Masepanishe tsa Mesoamerica, mokhoa o nchafalitsoeng mme mohlomong ntlafatso e ikokobelitseng ea mekhoa e thehiloeng le ho amoheloa ho fihlela joale e tla hlokahala.
Mohloli: Mexico e sa tsejoeng ea 219 / Mots'eanong 1995
