Ithute ka tse qalileng le menehelo ea 'mino oa Mexico ho mofuta ona oa polelo ea bokahohleng e bohlokoa haholo.
Nalane ea 'mino oa konsarete ea Mexico e fetile linakong tse fapaneng, maqhubu a botle le mekhoa ea' mino ho pholletsa le lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. E qalile ka nako ea lerato pakeng tsa 1900 le 1920, mme ea tsoelapele ka nako ea boitlamo ba bochaba (1920-1950), ka bobeli li halefisitsoe ke boteng ba maqhubu a mang a 'mino ka nako e le' ngoe; Nakong ea halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la lilemo, mekhoa e fapaneng ea liteko le avant-garde e ile ea kopana (ho tloha 1960 ho ea pele).
Tlhahiso ea baqapi ba Mexico ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo ke eona e fumanehang haholo nalaneng ea 'mino,' me e bontša mefuta e mengata haholo ea litloaelo tsa mmino, litlhahiso tsa botle le lisebelisoa tsa 'mino. Ho akaretsa phapano le bongata ba 'mino oa likonsarete oa Mexico nakong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ho bonolo ho bua ka linako tse tharo tsa nalane (1870-1910, 1910-1960 le 1960-2000).
Phetoho: 1870-1910
Ho latela phetolelo ea setso, ho na le li-Mexico tse peli: e leng pele ho Phetohelo le e hlahileng ka eona. Empa liphuputso tse ling tsa nalane tsa morao-rao li bonts'a hore, ka litsela tse 'maloa, naha e ncha e ile ea qala ho hlaha pele ho ntoa e hlometseng ea 1910. Nako e telele ea nalane ea lilemo tse fetang mashome a mararo e busoang ke Porfirio Díaz e ne e le sethala, leha e ne e le likhohlano le liphoso. ea nts'etsopele ea moruo, sechaba le setso e ileng ea rala metheo ea ho hlaha ha Mexico ea sejoale-joale, e hokahaneng le linaha tse ling tsa Europe le Amerika. Pulo ena ea machabeng e ne e le motheo oa nts'etsopele ea setso le 'mino e neng e fepuoa ke litloaelo tse ncha tsa lefats'e mme ea qala ho hlola maemo a ho tsitsipana.
Ho na le lipontšo tse 'maloa tsa nalane tse bonts'ang hore' mino oa konsarete o ile oa qala ho fetoha kamora 1870. Le ha 'moka oa lerato le sebaka sa phomolo se ile sa tsoela pele ho ba libaka tse ntle bakeng sa mmino o haufi, le tatso ea sechaba bakeng sa' mino oa sethala (opera, Zarzuela, operetta, jj.), Phetoho e butle-butle e bonoa moetlong oa ho qapa, ho bapala le ho hasanya 'mino. Karolong ea ho qetela ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, moetlo oa piano oa Mexico (o mong oa khale ka ho fetisisa Amerika) o ile oa kopanngoa, tlhahiso ea 'mino oa liletsa le' mino oa kamoreng ea ntlafatsoa, 'mino oa setso le o tummeng o ile oa kopanngoa hape ho ba' mino oa likonsarete oa profeshenale, mme li-repertoire tse ncha tse ratang maemo le mofuta (ho feta metjeko le likotoana tsa kamore). Baqapi ba ile ba atamela li-aesthetics tse ncha tsa Yuropa ho nchafatsa lipuo tsa bona (Sefora le Sejeremane), mme ho theoa metheo ea sejoale-joale ea 'mino e ile ea qalisoa kapa ea ntšetsoa pele eo hamorao e neng e tla utluoa libakeng tsa boithabiso, liholong tsa' mino, li-orchestra, likolong tsa 'mino, jj.
Lerato la bochaba la Mexico le ile la hlaha ka lebaka la phello ea sechaba le setso sa Phetohelo. Linaheng tse fapaneng tsa Latin America, baqapi ba ile ba etsa lipatlisiso tsa setaele sa naha ho fihlela bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Patlo ea boitsebahatso ba naha mmino e qalile ka mokhatlo oa lerato oa matsoalloa a Peru, Argentina, Brazil le Mexico, ho ipapisitsoe le matšoao a pele ho Sepanishe a hohelang opera. Moqapi oa Mexico Aniceto Ortega (1823-1875) o ile a qala ka opera ea hae Guatimotzin ka 1871, ka bolokolohi e hlahisang Cuauhtémoc e le mohale oa lerato.
Ho ella bofelong ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo le mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, bochaba bo hlakileng ba 'mino bo ne bo se bo ntse bo bonoa Mexico le linaheng tsa bo ausi, bo susumetsoa ke maqhubu a bochaba a Europe. Lerato lena la bochaba ke litholoana tsa "creolization" kapa 'mino o fosahetseng lipakeng tsa metjeko ea bolo ea Europe (waltz, polka, mazurka, jj.), Mefuta ea lipuo tsa Amerika (habanera, motjeko, pina, jj.) Le ho kenyelletsoa ha likarolo tsa 'mino tsa lehae, tse hlahisoang ka puo e hlahelletseng ea lerato la Europe. Har'a li-opera tsa lerato tsa bochaba ke El rey poeta (1900) ke Gustavo E. Campa (1863-1934) le Atzimba (1901) ke Ricardo Castro (1864-1907).
Mehopolo ea botle ba baqapi ba bochaba ba ratanang e ne e emela litekanyetso tsa maemo a mahareng le a holimo ka nako eo, ho latela likhopolo tsa maikutlo a lerato la Europe (ho phahamisa 'mino oa batho boemong ba bonono). E ne e le mabapi le ho khetholla le ho pholosa likarolo tse itseng tsa 'mino o tummeng le ho li koahela ka lisebelisoa tsa' mino oa konsata. 'Mino o mongata oa salon o phatlalalitsoeng nakong ea halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la leshome la metso e robong la lilemo o ne o hlahisa litokisetso le liphetolelo (tsa piano le katara) tsa "lifofane tsa naha" le "metjeko ea naha", eo ka eona' mino oa matsoalloa o ileng oa tsebisoa liholong tsa likonsarete. konsarete le kamore ea lelapa, li shebahala li shebahala hantle bakeng sa batho ba maemo a bohareng. Har'a baqapi ba Mexico ba lekholo la leshome la metso e robong la lilemo ba kentseng letsoho ho batleng 'mino oa naha ke Tomás León (1826-1893), Julio Ituarte (1845-1905), Juventino Rosas (1864-1894), Ernesto Elorduy (1853-1912), Felipe Villanueva (1863-1893) le Ricardo Castro. Rosas e ile ea tsebahala machabeng ka waltz ea eona (Ka maqhubu, 1891), ha Elorduy, Villanueva le ba bang ba lema tantši e monate ea Mexico, e ipapisitse le morethetho o lumellanang oa kontane ea Cuba, tšimoloho ea habanera le danzón.
Khopolo-taba: 1910-1960
Haeba ho na le letho le khethollang 'mino oa konsarete oa Mexico lilemong tse mashome a tšeletseng tse qalang tsa lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ke bokheleke, bo utloisisoang e le ho batla tharollo ea lipakeng ho feta maemo a feteletseng kapa ho leba ntlheng e le' ngoe ea botle. Bokheleke ba 'mino e ne e le moelelo oa khokahano ea mefuta le litloaelo tse fapaneng tse sebelisoang ke baqapi ba Mexico, ba neng ba lema mekhoa e fetang e le' ngoe ea 'mino kapa ea boiphihlelo nakong ea boqapi ba bona. Ntle le moo, baqapi ba bangata ba ile ba batlana le setaele sa bona sa 'mino ka ho nyalanya kapa ho kopanya meralo, ho ipapisitsoe le maqhubu a fapaneng a botle ao ba a fumaneng ho tsoa mminong oa Europe le Amerika.
Nakong ena, hoa ananeloa hore boholo ba baqapi ba Mexico ba latetse tsela e makatsang, e ba lumellang ho atamela mekhoa e fapaneng e kopantseng likarolo tsa naha kapa tse ling tsa 'mino. Mekhoa e ka sehloohong e neng e lengoa nakong ea 1910-1960 e bile, ntle le bochaba, maikutlo a lerato kamora ho ratana kapa neo-romantic, impressionist, expressionist, le neoclassical, ho kenyelletsa tse ling tse ikhethang, joalo ka se bitsoang microtonalism.
Nakong ea halofo ea pele ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, 'mino le bonono li ne li sa angoa ke tšusumetso e kholo e tlisoang ke bochaba, matla a maikutlo a ileng a thusa kopanyo ea lipolotiki le ea kahisano ea linaha tsa Latin America molemong oa boits'oaro ba bona. Le ha bochaba ba mmino bo ile ba fokotsa bohlokoa ba bona Europe ho pota 1930, Latin America e ile ea tsoela pele e le ea bohlokoa ho fihlela ka 1950. Kamora phetohelo Mexico e ratile nts'etsopele ea bochaba ba 'mino bo ipapisitseng le leano la setso le sebelisoang ke naha ea Mexico linaheng tsohle. Bonono. E thehiloe ho aesthetics ea bochaba, litsi tsa semmuso le tsa thuto li tšehelitse mosebetsi oa bataki le baqapi, mme tsa matlafatsa kopanyo ea metheo ea sejoale-joale ea 'mino e ipapisitseng le thuto le phatlalatso.
The bochaba ba 'mino E na le ho ts'oants'a kapa ho ithabisa ka 'mino o tsebahalang oa setso ka baqapi ba' mino oa konsarete, ebang ke ka kotloloho kapa ka tsela e sa tobang, e hlakileng kapa e koahetsoeng, e hlakileng kapa e tlatsetsang. Bochaba ba mmino ba Mexico bo ne bo tloaetse ho tsoakana, ho hlalosang ho hlaha ha mekhahlelo e 'meli ea bochaba le mekhoa e fapaneng ea lebasetere. The lerato la bochaba, e etelletsoeng pele ke Manuel M. Ponce (1882-1948) Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse qalang tsa lekholo la lilemo, e ile ea hatisa pholoso ea pina ea Mexico joalo ka motheo oa 'mino oa naha. Har'a baqapi ba ileng ba latela Ponce ka tsela ena ba ne ba José Rolón (1876-1945), Arnulfo Miramontes (1882-1960) le Estanislao Mejía (1882-1967). The bochaba ba matsoalloa e ne e le moetapele oa eona ea tsebahalang haholo Carlos Chávez (1899-1978) Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse tlang (1920 ho isa 1940), Mokhatlo o neng o batla ho etsa 'mino oa pele ho Sepanishe ka ts'ebeliso ea mmino oa matsoalloa oa nako eo. Har'a baqapi ba bangata ba karolo ena ea matsoalloa eo re e fumanang Candelario Huízar (1883-1970), Eduardo Hernández Moncada (1899-1995), Luis Sandi (1905-1996) le seo ho thoeng ke "Sehlopha sa ba bane", se entsoeng ke Daniel Ayala (1908-1975), Salvador Contreras (1910-1982 ), Blas Galindo (1910-1993) le José Pablo Moncayo (1912-1958).
Pakeng tsa 1920 le 1950, ho ile ha hlaha mekhoa e meng ea bochaba e tsoakaneng joalo ka bochaba ba maikutlo, hlahisa mesebetsing e itseng ea Ponce, Rolón, Rafael J. Tello (1872-1946), Antonio Gomezanda (1894-1964) le Moncayo; the Bochaba ba nnete le bo hlalosang maikutlo ba bochaba ba José Pomar (1880-1961), Chávez le Silvestre Revueltas (1899-1940), le ho fihlela ho a Bochaba ba Neoclassical bo neng bo sebelisoa ke Ponce, Chávez, Miguel Bernal Jiménez (1910-1956), Rodolfo Halffter (1900-1987) le Carlos Jiménez Mabarak (1916-1994). Qetellong ea mashome a mahlano mokhathala o hlakileng oa mefuta e fapaneng ea Bochaba ba Mexico ba mmino, ka lebaka la ho buloa le ho batloa ha baqapi ho leba mekhoeng e mecha ea lefatše, ba bang ba bona ba rutehile United States le Europe kamora ntoa.
Le ha bochaba bo ile ba atleha ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1950 Latin America, ho tloha qalong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo ho ile ha hlaha melumo e meng ea 'mino, ba bang ba melata le ba bang ba le haufi le botle ba bochaba. Baqapi ba bang ba ile ba hoheloa ke botle ba 'mino bo khahlanong le bochaba, ba hlokomela hore mekhoa ea bochaba e ba tataisitse tseleng e bonolo ea polelo ea lebatooa le hole le mekhoa e mecha ea machabeng. Nyeoe e ikhethang Mexico ke ea Julián Carrillo (1875-1965), eo mosebetsi oa hae oa 'mino o pharalletseng o tlohileng ho lerato le makatsang la Majeremane ho leba microtonalism (e utloahala e le tlase ho halofo ea molumo),' me khopolo ea Molumo 13 e mo file botumo ba machabeng. Nyeoe e ngoe e ikhethang ke ea Carlos Chavez, eo, kamora ho amohela bochaba ka cheseho, a qetileng karolo eohle ea bophelo ba hae e le moqapi a ikoetlisetsa, a ruta le ho hasanya maqhubu a tsoetseng pele ka ho fetesisa a 'mino oa avant-garde.
The (neo / post) maikutlo a lerato E atlehile ho tloha ts'imolohong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, e le setaele se lehlohonolo har'a tatso ea sechaba bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea eona ea tonal le ho ferekanya maikutlo, hape le har'a baqapi bakeng sa ho tenyetseha ha eona mabapi le ho kopanya ha setaele. Har'a baqapi ba pele ba marato a lekholo la lilemo (Tello, Carrasco, Carrillo, Ponce, Rolón, jj.), Ba bang ba bile joalo bophelong bohle ba bona (Carrasco, Alfonso de Elías), ba bang ba ile ba emisa hamorao (Carrillo, Rolón) le ba bang Ba batlile ho kopanya setaele sena le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa tlholeho, ekaba bochaba, boitseko kapa neoclassicist (Tello, Ponce, Rolón, Huízar). Tšusumetso ea nalane ea Sefora ea Impressionism qalong ea lekholo la lilemo (Ponce, Rolón, Gomezanda) e siile tšusumetso e tebileng mosebetsing oa baqapi ba bang (Moncayo, Contreras) ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1960. Ho etsahetse se tšoanang ka maqhubu a mang a mabeli a phelisanang le a fetileng: polelo (1920-1940), ka ho batla ha hae matla a hlakileng ho feta tekano ea semmuso (Pomar, Chávez, Revueltas), le neoclassicism (1930-1950), ka ho khutlela ha hae mefuteng ea khale le mefuta (Ponce, Chávez, Galindo, Bernal Jiménez, Halffter, Jiménez Mabarak). Maqhubu ana kaofela a ile a lumella baqapi ba Mexico ba nako ea 1910-1960 hore ba leke litsela tsa 'mino o fapaneng, ho fihlela ba fihlela mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng o lebisitseng ho phelisaneng ha boitsebiso bo fapaneng, lifahleho tse fapaneng tsa' mino oa rona oa Mexico.
Tsoelo-pele le ho phatloha: 1960-2000
Nakong ea halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, 'mino oa konsarete oa Latin America o ile oa ba le mekhoa ea ho tsoelapele le ho phatloha ho hlahisitseng mefuta e fapaneng ea lipuo tsa mmino, litaele le botle bo botle mokhoeng oa boqapi. Ntle le bongata le ho atleha ha maqhubu a fapaneng, ho boetse ho na le tšekamelo ea butle-butle e lebisang ho cosmopolitanism metseng e meholo, e bulehileng haholo ke litšusumetso tsa mekhatlo ea machaba ea mmino. Nakong ea ho kopanya "'mino o mocha" o tsoang Europe le United States, baqapi ba tsoetseng pele ba Latin America ba ile ba feta mekhahlelo e mene kamohelong ea mehlala ea kantle: skgetho ya boleng, ketsiso, boikgathollo le phetoho (kabo), ho latela maemo a sechaba le litlhoko tsa motho ka mong kapa lintho tseo a li ratang. Baqapi ba bang ba ile ba hlokomela hore ba ka kenya letsoho ho tsoa linaheng tsa bona tsa Latin America molemong oa mekhoa ea 'mino e kopaneng.
Ho qala ka 1960, maqhubu a macha a 'mino oa mofuta oa liteko a hlaha linaheng tse ngata tsa Amerika. Baqapi ba keneng mekhoeng ea ho tsoa haufinyane ba ile ba fumana hore ho ke ke ha ba bonolo ho fumana tumello ea semmuso ho phatlalatsa, ho bapala le ho rekota 'mino oa bona, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore baetsi ba Latin America ba lule Europe, United States le Canada. Empa boemo bona bo thata bo ile ba qala ho fetoha ho tloha lilemong tse mashome a supileng ho Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico le Venezuela, ha baqapi ba "mmino o motjha" Ba fumane tšehetso ho tsoa mekhatlong ea machabeng, ba theha mekhatlo ea naha, ba theha lilaboratori tsa 'mino tsa elektroniki, ba rutoa likolong tsa' mino le liunivesithi, 'me' mino oa bona oa qala ho hasoa ka mekete, likopano le liteishene tsa seea-le-moea. Ka maano ana, ho itšehla thajana ha baqapi ba li-avant-garde ho ile ha fokotsoa, bao ho tloha joale ho ea pele ba ka sebelisanang le ho natefeloa ke maemo a betere ho theha le ho hasanya se bitsoang 'mino oa sejoale-joale.
Ho khaohana le maqhubu a bochaba ho qalile Mexico ho ella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1950 mme ho etelletsoe pele ke Carlos Chávez le Rodolfo Halffter. Moloko oa lekhalo o hlahisitse baqapi ba tummeng ba mekhoa e mengata eo kajeno e seng e le "li-classics" tsa 'mino o mocha oa Mexico: Manuel Enríquez (1926-1994), Joaquín Gutiérrez Heras (1927), Alicia Urreta (1931-1987), Héctor Quintanar (1936) le Manuel de Elías (1939). Moloko o latelang o kopantsitse lipatlisiso tsa liteko le tse khahlang le baetsi ba bohlokoa joalo ka Mario Lavista (1943), Julio Estrada (1943), Francisco Núñez (1945), Federico Ibarra (1946) le Daniel Catán (1949), hara tse ling tse ngata. Bangoli ba hlahileng lilemong tsa bo-1950 ba ile ba tsoela pele ho bulela lipuo tse ncha le bokhabane, empa ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho nyopa le mefuta e fapaneng ea 'mino: Arturo Márquez (1950), Marcela Rodríguez (1951), Federico valvarez del Toro (1953), Eugenio Toussaint (1954), Eduardo Soto Millán (1956), Javier Álvarez (1956), Antonio Russek (1954) le Roberto Morales (1958) , hara tse hlaheletseng ka ho fetisisa.
Maqhubu le mekhoa ea 'mino oa Mexico oa nako ea 1960-2000 e fapane ebile e le bongata, ho kenyelletsa le e ileng ea arohana le bochaba. Ho na le baqapi ba 'maloa ba ka fumanehang ka har'a mofuta oa neo-nationalism, ka lebaka la ho tsitlella ha bona ho holiseng litaele tse amanang le' mino o tsebahalang o tsoakaneng le mekhoa e mecha: Mario Kuri Aldana (1931) le Leonardo Velázquez (1935). Bangoli ba bang ba ile ba atamela letšoao le lecha la neoclassical, joalo ka taba ea Gutiérrez Heras, Ibarra le Catán. Baqapi ba bang ba sekametse ho mokhoa o bitsoang "Tsosoloso ea lisebelisoa", e batlang menyetla e mecha ea ho itlhalosa ka liletsa tsa setso, tseo balemi ba tsona ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e leng Mario Lavista le barutuwa ba bang ba hae (Graciela Agudelo, 1945; Ana Lara, 1959; Luis Jaime Cortés, 1962, jj.).
Hona le baetsi ba mmino ba 'maloa ba nkileng karolo mechining e mecha ea liteko, joalo ka se bitsoang "Bothata bo bocha" (batla 'mino o rarahaneng le mohopolo) oo a ipabotseng ho ona Julio Estrada, hammoho le 'mino oa electroacoustic le tšusumetso e matla ea k'homphieutha ea 'mino ho tloha mashome a robeli (Valvarez, Russek le Morales). Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, baqapi ba bang ba hlahileng lilemong tsa bo-1950 le bo-1960 ba ntse ba leka mekhoa ea lebasetere e nchafatsang 'mino o tummeng oa litoropong le' mino oa morabe ka tsela e ncha. Tse ling tsa lintlha tsena li na le likarolo tsa neotonal le maikutlo a tobileng a atlehileng ho hohela bamameli ba bangata, hole le liteko tsa avant-garde. Har'a tse lumellanang ka ho fetesisa ke Arturo Márquez, Marcela Rodríguez, Eugenio Toussaint, Eduardo Soto Millán, Gabriela Ortiz (1964), Juan Trigos (1965) le Víctor Rasgado (1956).
Tloaelo le nchafatso, bongata le phapang, boits'oaro bo fapaneng le boits'oaro, boits'oaro le bongata, ho tsoelapele le ho petsoha, ho batla le ho etsa liteko: ana ke mantsoe a bohlokoa ho utloisisa nalane e telele ea 'mino e qalileng lilemo tse fetang lekholo tse fetileng, e ntlafalitseng boqapi ba' mino Mexico ho fihlela o fihla sebakeng sa tokelo hara linaha tsa Amerika, ekasitana le kananelo e amohelehang ea lefats'e ho lirekoto tse ngata (tsa naha le tsa machabeng) tseo mesebetsi ea baqapi ba rona e li tšoanelang, lifahleho tse fapaneng tsa 'mino oa Mexico oa lekholo la bo20 la lilemo.
Mohloli: México en el Tiempo No. 38 Loetse / Mphalane 2000
