Hoa makatsa hore ebe bo-ramahlale ba tseba hantle hore na ho na le linaleli tse kae sehlopheng sa linaleli ho feta mefuta ea Lefatše.
Mefuta-futa ea hajoale e fetoha lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng e pakeng tsa limilione tse supileng le tse 20, ho latela likhakanyo tse akaretsang, leha e ka fihlella ho fihla ho limilione tse 80, o mong le o mong o na le phapano boitsebisong ba bona ba lefutso, bo lulang libakeng tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho. Leha ho le joalo, ke limilione tse ka bang milione e le 'ngoe feela tse arotsoeng le ho hlalosoa; ka hona, karolo e nyane haholo ea kakaretso e boletsoe. Lihlopha tsa lintho tse phelang, joalo ka libaktheria, li-arthropods, li-fungus le li-nematode, ha lia ithutoa hanyane, ha mefuta e mengata ea leoatleng le lebopong e sa tsejoe.
Mefuta-futa ea lintho tse phelang e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro: a) Mefuta-futa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, e utloisisoang e le phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka har'a mefuta; b) mefuta-futa ea mefuta, ke hore, mefuta-futa e teng tikolohong - palo, ke hore, "borui" ba eona ke tekanyo e "sebelisoang khafetsa"; c) mefuta-futa ea tikoloho le tikoloho, eo palo ea eona le kabo ea eona li ka lekanyetsoang metseng le mekhatlong ea mefuta ka kakaretso. Ho akaretsa likarolo tsohle tsa mefuta-futa ea limela, ho hlokahala hore ho buuoe ka phapano ea setso, e kenyeletsang merabe ea naha ka 'ngoe, hammoho le lipontšo tsa setso le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho.
PUSELETSO BIODIVERSITY
Ke litholoana tse tobileng tsa kholo ea motho, joalo ka ha lihloliloeng tse ngata li fetotsoe litsamaiso tse futsanehileng, tse sa hlahiseng moruo le bioloji haholo. Ts'ebeliso e sa nepahalang ea tikoloho le tikoloho, ntle le ho sitisa tšebetso ea eona, e boetse e bolela litšenyehelo le tahlehelo ea mefuta.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, re its'etleha ka botlalo ho capital capital. Ho se tšoane kahare le lipakeng tsa mefuta ho re file lijo, patsi, fiber, matla, lihlahisoa tse tala, lik'hemik'hale, indasteri le meriana.
Re lokela ho hopola hore qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-80 le mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-90 ho ile ha qaptjoa poleloana e reng mega-mefuta-futa, e bolelang linaha tse tsepamisang mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng le ho feta lefats'eng, leha lentsoe le feta palo ea mefuta, Ke index e lokelang ho eloa hloko, hobane ho lichaba tsohle 17 feela e kenyelletsa lipakeng tsa 66 ho isa ho 75% kapa ho feta ea mefuta-futa ea limela, ka kakaretso ea limilione tse 519 189 396 km2.
E NNGWE YA SEHOLO
Mexico ke e 'ngoe ea linaha tse hlano tse holimo mefuteng' me e lula sebakeng sa bosupa ka sebaka, e nang le milione e le 'ngoe 972 544 km2. Har'a litšobotsi tse hlalosang mefuta-futa ena ke: sebaka seo e leng ho sona lipakeng tsa libaka tse peli, e leng Nearctic le Neotropical, ka hona, re fumana mefuta e tsoang leboea le boroa; mefuta e fapaneng ea maemo a leholimo, ho tloha moo ho ommeng ho ea ho mongobo, hammoho le lithemparetjha tse batang haholo ho isa ho tse futhumetseng. Qetellong, ho na le sebopeho, ho tloha libakeng tse bataletseng ho isa ho tse rarahaneng haholo.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, hajoale Mexico e na le lehae la lipakeng tsa 10 le 12% ea mefuta eohle ea limela le liphoofolo lefatšeng, e na le mefuta e 439 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, lihahabi tse 705, liamuoa tse 289, tse 35 tsa liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng le tse 1061 tsa linonyana; empa ba fetang halofo ba kotsing ea ho timela.
Mabapi le liphoofolo, ho na le mehlala e tsoang tikolohong ea Nearctic, joalo ka likolopata tsa lehoatata, lirurubele tse ntlehali tsa monarch, li-axolotls, likhantši, moles, libere, bison le linku tse kholo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le mehlala ea liphoofolo tsa Neotropical, joalo ka li-iguana, nauyacas, macaws, sekho le litšoene tsa howler, li-anteater le tapir, hara tse ling, ha mefuta e joalo ka hummingbirds, armadillos, opossums, le tse ling li ile tsa ajoa libakeng ka bobeli.
Ntle ho pelaelo, liphoofolo tsa leoatleng li na le mefuta-futa ea limela le liphoofolo, e sebakeng se ruileng ka bioloji joalo ka mafika a leoatle a Caribbean, eo bokapele ba eona bo fetang 200 km, liponche, jellyfish, shrimp, likomkomere tsa leoatle, li-urchins le palo e kholo ea mefuta e mebala-bala. Mefuta e fetang 140 le li-polychaetes kapa liboko tsa leoatle tse 1,300 li hlalositsoe Koung ea California.
Haeba re ka atolosa pono ea rona le ho e shebella ho pholletsa le naha ho tloha ho tse nyane ho ea ho tse hlakileng, tse hlahlobang seretse se chesang, mahaha le lithaba, linoka, matangoana le maoatle, ke hore, litsing tsohle tse ka bang teng, Re ne re tla netefatsa hore ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e entsoe ke mefuta e mengata ea bophelo, mme boholo ba eona bo fihlile pela batho. Leha ho le joalo, re ba tlositse mahaeng a bona mme makhetlo a mangata re lebisitse ho timeleng.
Likokoana-hloko tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo ke likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng ka ho fetisisa le li-arthropod tse etellang pele ka bongata, mefuta ea likokoanyana tse kang bo-maleshoane, lirurubele, linotši, lirurubele, bohloa le li-arachnid tse kang sekho kapa liphepheng.
Mexico, ho tsejoa mefuta e 1,589 ea linotši, li-dragonflies tse 328, lirurubele tse fetang 1,500 tse etsang letsatsi le mefuta e meng e mengata ea bosiu, hape ho na le bo-maleshoane ba fetang 12,000 kapa likho tse 1,600, ha ho ntse ho tlalehiloe mefuta e fetang 2 122. ea litlhapi metsing a leoatle le a k'honthinente, ke hore, hoo e ka bang 10% ea kakaretso ea lefats'e, eo mefuta ea eona e 380 e abuoang metsing a hloekileng, haholo libakeng tsa hydrological tsa libaka tse futhumetseng, tse mongobo le tse chesang tse mongobo.
Naha e na le mefuta e fetang 290 ea li-amphibian le lihahabi tse 750, tse emelang hoo e ka bang 10% ea kakaretso e teng lefatšeng. Caecilia, lirobe le lihohoana li theha sehlopha sa amphibian, ha linoha tsa lefatše le tsa metsing, joalo ka mafika a likorale, nauyacas, rattlesnake le mafika, kapa li-saurian tse kang mekholutsoane, li-iguana, likolobe tsa Guinea le maqheku, joalo ka likolopata, likolobe, likoena 'me tse ling li etsa sehlopha sa lihahabi.
Ho tsejoa tse ka bang 1,050 ho tse 8 600 tsa linonyana tse tlalehiloeng lefatšeng, 'me mefuteng eohle ea mefuta e Mexico e 125 e atile. 70% e libakeng tsa tropike, haholo-holo libakeng tsa Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche le Quintana Roo. Sehlopha sena se mebala-bala se tiisa monono o moholo oa mefuta e fumanoang ka har'a naha, eo li-quetzal tsa Chiapas li hlahelletseng ho eona; leeba le hlooho e tšoeu le fumanoang feela sehlekehlekeng sa Cozumel le ho tse ling tse haufi; li-toucans, li-pelican, li-cormorants, li-boobies le li-frigate, li-flamingo, likokolofitoe, mokotatsie, jj. Tsena li emela mabitso a linonyana a atileng haholo a fumanehang boroa-bochabela ho Mexico.
HO BUA MABOSOA
Chiapas e na le linonyana tse kang quetzal le phikoko e nang le manaka, eo bolulo ba eona bo seng bo fokotsoe hoo bo ka khetholloang likarolong tse holimo tsa Sierra Madre. Ho liphoofolo tse jang tse ling, ho tlalehoa mefuta e ka tlase ho 50 ea liphakoe, joalo ka liphakoe, liphakoe le lintsu, hammoho le li-strigiform tse 38, joalo ka liphooko le liphooko, empa sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa se entsoe ka batho ba fetang ka tsela, joalo ka bo-magpies, makhoaba le lirobele, hara tse ling. , ke hore, 60% ea mefuta e tlalehiloeng bakeng sa Mexico.
Qetellong, liphoofolo tse anyesang ke tsona lintho tse fihlang boholo bo boholo hape li hohela tlhokomelo e ngata hammoho le linonyana. Ho na le mefuta e 452 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa lefats'e, tseo 33% ea tsona e leng teng le 50% ea metsing, e ajoang haholo libakeng tsa tropike. Ka Lacandon Jungle ho na le mefuta e mengata ea Chiapas, haholo-holo liphoofolo tse anyesang.
Sehlopha se ajoang haholo ke litoeba, tse nang le mefuta e 220, e lekanang le 50% ea naha le 5% lefats'eng ka bophara. Bakeng sa bo-'mankhane kapa bo-'mankhane, ho tlalehoa mefuta e 132, sehlopha sa liphoofolo tse anyesang tse bokellaneng ka bongata - ho tloha ho makholo a 'maloa ho isa ho limilione - mahaheng a Campeche, Coahuila kapa Sonora.
Liphoofolo tse ling tse anyesang tse atileng Morung oa Lacandon ke li-artiodactyls: li-peccaries, likhama, pronghorn le linku tsa bighorn: sehlopha se etsang likolone, tse ling li na le batho ba ka bang 50, joalo ka li-peccaries tse molomo o mosoeu. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, moemeli a le mong feela oa sehlopha sa li-perissodactyls tse tlalehiloeng Mexico ke li-tapir, phoofolo e anyesang e kholo ka ho fetesisa bakeng sa litropike tsa Amerika tse ka fumanehang boroa-bochabela, merung ea Campeche le Chiapas. Batho ka bomong ba mofuta ona ba ka ba boima ba lik'hilograma tse 300.
Har'a lintho tse khahlisang ka ho fetesisa ka lebaka la nalane ea eona le metso ea eona litsong tsa Mesoamerica ka lebaka la matla ao e a emelang ke lengau. Joalo ka li-pumas le li-ocelots, li-coyotes, liphokojoe, libere, li-raccoon le li-badger, hara tse ling, ke ea mefuta e 35 ea liphoofolo tse jang nama Mexico.
Litšoene tsa sekho le litšoene tse lerata ke mefuta e 'meli ea litšoene tse ka fumanoang naheng merung ea! boroa-bochabela ho Mexico. Li bohlokoa haholo moetlong oa Mayane, hobane ho tloha mehleng ea pele ho Columbian e ne e sebelisoa e le lets'oao la eona.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-cetacean - maruarua le li-dolphin-, li-pinnipeds -seal le litau tsa leoatle- le sirenids -manate- ke mehlala ea mefuta e 49 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tse lulang ka har'a naha, tse emelang 40% ea tse lefatšeng.
Ona ke mohlala feela oa leruo la tlhaho la Mexico, ka mehlala ea liphoofolo tsa teng. Ho ba le pono e felletseng ho hloka lilemo tsa tsebo le lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa mahlale, empa ka bomalimabe ha ho na nako e ngata, hobane sekhahla sa ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho le ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lintho li lebisitse ho felisoeng ha mefuta e joalo ka bere e bohlooho, bison, moqapi oa patsi oa moemphera kapa condor ea California, hara ba bang.
E hloka ho hlahisa tlhokomeliso ho bontša mefuta-futa ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, empa ka lebaka la ho hloka tsebo le ho se tsotelle ho re lahla. Mexico, moo u ka fumanang lintho tse ling tse hlaha naheng e libakeng tse Sirelelitsoeng tsa Tlhaho, tseo ntle ho pelaelo e leng leano le letle la paballo. Le ha ho le joalo, re hloka mananeo a felletseng a ho hlahisa nts'etsopele ea sechaba sa lehae, ka sepheo sa ho fokotsa khatello e tlisoang ke masimo a bolokiloeng.
Ho fihlela 2000, ho ne ho na le libaka tse 89 tse laetsoeng tse koahelang karolo e kaholimo ho 5% ea naha, eo ho eona ho nang le libaka tsa polokelo ea lintho tse phelang, libaka tsa boikhathollo tsa naha, libaka tsa ts'ireletso ea limela le liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le limela, hammoho le liemahale tsa tlhaho.
Ho na le lihekthere tse ka bang limilione tse 10 tse bolokiloeng. Boteng ba eona ha bo fane ka tiiso ea polokeho e loketseng ea mefuta-futa ea limela kapa ho ntšetsa pele nts'etsopele le ho sebetsa le sechaba sa lehae, hammoho le lipatlisiso tsa mahlale. Ke likarolo feela tsa moralo oa naha oa paballo o lokelang ho kengoa tšebetsong haeba re batla ho baballa leruo la rona la tlhaho.
Bakeng sa ho tseba maemo a mefuta mabapi le ts'okelo ea bona, ho ile ha theoa Lenane le Lefubelu la IUCN, lenane le felletseng la boemo ba paballo ea mefuta ea liphoofolo le limela lefats'eng ka bophara, e sebelisang maemo a itseng ho lekola kotsi ea ho timela ha mefuta e likete le li-subspecies.
Mekhoa ena e loketse mefuta eohle le libaka tsa lefats'e. E ipapisitse le saense, Lenane le Lefubelu la IUCN le ananeloa e le matla a phahameng ka ho fetisisa maemong a mefuta-futa ea likokoana-hloko, eo sepheo sa eona e leng ho fetisa ho potlaka le boholo ba litaba tsa paballo ho sechaba le ho baetsi ba liqeto kapa bahlohlelletsi lefats'e ho leka ho fokotsa ho fela ha mefuta. Ho elelloa sena ho bohlokoa molemong oa paballo ea mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng.
